pepper

When to sow peppers?

Botanical name
Capsicum annuum
Family
Solanaceae

Peppers are sown indoors from February to March, 1 cm deep. They germinate in 15 to 20 days. They are harvested from August to October.

Peppers are annual plants. The edible part is the fruit.

pepper
Photo: H. Zell · CC BY-SA 3.0

Peppers through the year

JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Indoor sowing
Transplanting
Harvest
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  • indoor sowing
  • transplanting
  • harvest

In short

Indoor sowing
from February to March
weeks 9 to 12
the window opens ten weeks before the last frost
Transplanting
in May
weeks 21 to 22
Sowing depth
1 cm
Spacing in the row
30 to 45 cm
45 to 90 cm between rows
Germination
15 to 20 days
Germination temperature
18 to 27 °C
Days to maturity
70 to 85 days
Harvest
from August to October
weeks 32 to 41

The last frost is not on the same day everywhere, so the recorded weeks are a guide and not a date.

Growing conditions

🪨
Soil
loamy
🧪
pH
5.5 to 6.5
☀️
Sun
full sun
💧
Water
moderate water
❄️
Frost
does not tolerate frost
🌱
Nutrients
a heavy feeder
🔁
Crop rotation
no sooner than the fourth year
📏
Height
30 to 110 cm

Companions in the bed

Companion planting is tradition and not an agronomic claim. What is recorded is which pairs sources recommend and which they advise against.

basil cited

Basil stays low and takes the space under the pepper.

borage cited

Borage at the edge of the bed is forage for the pollinators. It seeds itself on, so leave it the edge and not the middle.

  • “Cited” means the pair is named by one source or two.

Pests and diseases

Listed here is every problem for which the sources name this plant as a host. The problems are not listed in order of how common they are.

Aphids

pest
Signs
Colonies of small aphids sit on the shoot tips and the underside of the leaves. The leaf curls and puckers, and sticky honeydew is left on everything below. The viruses they carry are more dangerous than the feeding itself.
Prevention
Go easy on nitrogen, because soft sappy growth is what aphids are looking for. Encourage the predators (ladybirds, lacewings, parasitic wasps). Use a reflective mulch, which puts them off settling, and a strong jet of water to knock the colony off the tips.

Blossom end rot

disorder
Signs
At the blossom end of the fruit there is a watery, then dark, sunken and leathery patch. It is not a disease and does not pass from plant to plant, it is a sign that calcium never reached the fruit.
Prevention
Even moisture in the soil is the main measure: mulch and deep watering instead of a little and often. No excess nitrogen. Lime after a soil test, so that the calcium in the soil is available at all.
What to do
Remove the affected fruit. The next fruits come clean once the moisture steadies. A calcium spray gives temporary relief at best and does not replace watering.

Slugs and snails

pest
Signs
Holes appear in the middle of the leaf rather than along the edge, young plants are eaten down to the ground, and there are slimy trails in the morning. On low-growing fruit there are gnawed pits.
Prevention
Remove the hiding places beside the bed: boards, stones, dense weeds. Water in the morning and not in the evening, so that the night is dry. Spread a band of coarse sand or gravel around the bed. Cover young plants with fleece. Pick them off at night, which is still the most effective measure.

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Related plants

The plants below are in the same botanical family (Solanaceae).

Sources about the plant: Clemson Cooperative Extension, GBIF Backbone Taxonomy, KGZS Zavod Ljubljana, KGZS Zavod Nova Gorica, NC State Extension Plant Toolbox, Royal Horticultural Society, Semenarna Ljubljana, Smernice za strokovno utemeljeno gnojenje (Mihelič et al., MKGP 2011), University of Maryland Extension, Utah State University Extension, Wikidata. Checked between 14 and 28 August 2026. The problem descriptions also draw on: University of Wisconsin-Madison Division of Extension.